Nutritional skewing of conceptus sex in sheep: effects of a maternal diet enriched in rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)

Mark P Green¹^,2 , Lee D Spate¹ , Tina E Parks¹ , Koji Kimura¹^,3 , Clifton N Murphy¹ , Jim E Williams¹ , Monty S Kerley¹ , Jonathan A Green¹ , Duane H Keisler¹ and R Michael Roberts¹^,4

¹Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211, USA

²AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand

³National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Reproductive Physiology Lab., Tochigi 329-2793, Japan

⁴Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia MO 65211, USA

author email corresponding author email

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 2008, 6:21doi:10.1186/1477-7827-6-21


Published:	9 June 2008

Abstract

Background

Evolutionary theory suggests that in polygynous mammalian species females in better body condition should produce more sons than daughters. Few controlled studies have however tested this hypothesis and controversy exists as to whether body condition score or maternal diet is in fact the determining factor of offspring sex. Here, we examined whether maternal diet, specifically increased n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake, of ewes with a constant body condition score around the time of conception influenced sex ratio.

Methods

Ewes (n = 44) maintained in similar body condition throughout the study were assigned either a control (C) diet or one (F) enriched in rumen-protected PUFA, but otherwise essentially equivalent, from four weeks prior to breeding until d13 post-estrus. On d13, conceptuses were recovered, measured, cultured to assess their capacity for interferon-tau (IFNT) production and their sex determined. The experiment was repeated with all ewes being fed the F diet to remove any effects of parity order on sex ratio. Maternal body condition score (BCS), plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations were also assessed throughout the study and related to diet.

Results

In total 129 conceptuses were recovered. Ewes on the F diet produced significantly more male than female conceptuses (proportion male = 0.69; deviation from expected ratio of 0.5, P < 0.001). Conceptus IFNT production was unaffected by diet (P > 0.1), but positively correlated with maternal body condition score (P < 0.05), and was higher (P < 0.05) in female than male conceptuses after 4 h culture. Maternal plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations, especially progesterone and fatty acid, were also modulated by diet.

Conclusion

These results provide evidence that maternal diet, in the form of increased amounts of rumen-protected PUFA fed around conception, rather than maternal body condition, can skew the sex ratio towards males. These observations may have implications to the livestock industry and animal management policies when offspring of one sex may be preferred over the other.